2013년 11월 27일 수요일

About 'florence academy of art'|Celebrities At The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences 4th Annual ‘Television Academy Honors’ Gala







About 'florence academy of art'|Celebrities At The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences 4th Annual ‘Television Academy Honors’ Gala








When               we               think               of               the               Renaissance,               we               think               of               new               ideas               in               art,               science               and               religion               as               defined               by               the               works               of               Michelangelo,               Galileo               and               Martin               Luther.

These               are               men               who               we               remember               as               the               undisputed               leaders               of               the               Renaissance               in               their               respective               disciplines.

What               we               don't               think               of               are               the               business               people               who               were               able               to               influence               and               in               some               cases               finance               these               titans               of               intellect.

Successful               business               men               of               the               Renaissance               had               to               apply               the               same               business               practices               500               years               ago,               as               the               business               men               and               women               of               today.

They               had               to               focus               on               the               basics               such               as               accurate               bookkeeping,               and               loss               prevention               and               they               had               to               also               networking               and               advertising,               just               like               the               Fortune               500               companies               of               today               do.

The               undisputed               leaders               in               the               banking               arena               were               the               Medici's               and               their               influence               of               the               Renaissance               is               without               parallel.

In               fact,               if               you               are               to               study               the               Renaissance,               you               cannot               fully               understand               how               the               era               evolved               without               studying               the               Medici.

The               Medici               influence,               however,               was               not               all               positive               and               many               decisions               that               were               made               by               family               members               in               the               name               of               their               business               continue               to               impact               society               today.

This               paper               will               argue               that               the               influences               of               the               Medici               family               members               and               the               business               concepts               and               ideas               that               they               used               would               propel               the               Renaissance               era               into               the               artistic               and               scientific               rebirth               that               we               know               it               as               today.

And               in               this               process               they               would               establish               a               standard               of               community               service               by               which               modern               day               wealthy               families               continue               to               emulate               today.
               The               Medici               family               banking               dynasty               is               credited               to               Giovanni               De'               Medici               (1360-1429);               a               wool               merchant               who               expanded               into               community               banking.

[1]               Based               in               Florence               Italy,               Giovanni               would               start               the               family               banking               dynasty               in               motion               by               taking               a               series               of               calculated               risks               on               loans               to               local               merchants,               adventurers               and               fellow               risk               takers               much               the               same               way               as               venture               capitalist               do               today.

The               role               of               venture               capitalist               was               not               unknown,               and               in               fact               had               been               in               place               as               far               back               as               the               11th               century.

[2]               However,               banking               was               just               emerging               into               its               present               form               which               included               the               practice               of               charging               interest,               which               for               centuries               had               been               prohibited               by               the               Catholic               Church.

[3]               To               advertise               his               success,               Giovanni               began               a               campaign               of               sponsoring               great               architects               and               artist               such               as               Filippo               Brunelleschi               and               Michelangelo               Simoni               to               design               and               decorate               buildings               to               honor               the               family's               banking               success.

[4]               As               the               Medici               became               successful,               Giovanni's               children               followed               him               into               the               family               business,               as               was               the               tradition,               and               they               continued               their               fathers               love               of               the               arts               and               his               respect               for               advertising.

For               the               purposes               of               this               paper               we               will               focus               on               three               members               of               that               family.

Each               person               would               at               some               point               serve               as               the               family               head               and               control               the               family               banking               enterprise.

Their               influence               on               the               Florentine               community,               European               Community               and               the               world               as               a               whole               would               be               felt.Giovanni               De'               Medici,               Pope               Leo               X               (1475-1521)
               To               be               successful               in               developing               a               business               you               have               to               be               able               to               network.

You               network               with               like               minded               businessmen,               you               network               with               your               customers               and               you               network               with               your               competitors.

Giovanni               the               senior               instilled               in               his               family               to               continually               invest               in               people               and               to               do               that               you               had               to               network               and               find               these               people.

That               is               how               Giovanni               had               built               his               business,               and               that               is               what               he               taught               his               children               to               do.

[5]               Giovanni's               son,               Lorenzo               the               Magnificent               understood               very               simply               that               having               access               to               the               Catholic               Church,               any               access,               would               be               economically               beneficial               for               the               Medici               business,               as               it               had               been               for               his               father.

Lorenzo               the               Magnificent               respected               his               father's               networking               philosophy,               but               he               opted               to               shortcut               this               basic               business               fundamental.

Lorenzo,               decided               the               easiest               way               to               gain               access,               was               to               buy               into               the               Catholic               Church               and               he               would               use               his               son               Giovanni               as               his               networking               ticket               to               the               church.

[6]
               Traditionally,               those               people               who               enter               the               service               of               the               church               are               called               into               that               service.

Giovanni               was               not               called;               he               was               pushed               by               his               father.

This               could               explain               the               less               than               reverent               position               for               which               he               found               himself               in.

With               the               ongoing               aid               of               his               father,               Giovanni               very               quickly               found               himself               rising               to               the               rank               of               Cardinal               while               at               the               same               time               assuming               the               head               of               the               Medici               family               and               banking               operations               when               his               father               passed               away               unexpectedly.

In               these               dual               roles,               Cardinal               Giovanni               divided               himself               between               his               service               to               the               church               and               the               all               important               family               banking               business               and               family               matters.

As               the               family               head               it               fell               to               on               his               shoulders               to               continue               his               family               responsibilities               such               as               negotiating               the               marriage               of               his               niece,               Clairce               de               Medici,               with               a               rival               businessmen's               son.

And,               as               the               tradition               of               the               time,               Giovanni               was               required               to               engage               in               extensive               negotiations               and               a               legal               contract               producing               a               dowry               of               6,000               Florins.

[7]
               Cardinal               Giovanni,               who               was               ever               focused               on               his               personal               advancement,               realized               his               opportunity               when               Pope               Julius               II               passed               away               in               February               1513               [8]               .

During               conclave,               Giovanni               set               about               networking               with               the               other               Cardinals               who               were               in               attendance               and               he               began               applying               his               networking               and               deal               making               skills               to               win               himself               the               position               of               the               papacy.

After               a               week               of               negotiations,               promises,               and               bribes,               Giovanni               was               voted               in               to               represent               the               Catholic               Church               as               its               chosen               figure               head               and               he               adopted               the               name               of               Pope               Leo               X.

[9]
               Pope               Leo               X               found               himself               the               undisputed               leader               of               the               Catholic               Church,               a               position               he               had               obtained               not               through               his               work               with               the               poor               and               downtrodden,               his               piety               or               even               by               friends               alone.

Pope               Leo               X               won               the               position               by               applying               the               skills               he               had               learned               through               the               family               business               negotiations.

[10]               Those               skills               which               are               best               suited               for               bankers,               politicians               and               venture               capitalist,               but               not               so               becoming               to               a               man               of               the               cloth.

Pope               Leo               X,               while               successful               at               deal               making               and               banking,               was               not               so               successful               at               being               the               Chief               Executive               Officer               of               the               Catholic               Church.

Pope               Leo               X,               promptly               proceeded               to               ignore               the               advice               of               the               founding               father               Giovanni,               which               was               to               live               without               drawing               attention               to               one's               self.

He               proceeded               to               use               the               Vatican               coffers               as               his               own               personal               bank,               all               the               while               making               sure               the               family               firm               handled               the               banking.

[11]
               Pope               Leo               X               engaged               in               lavish               spending               sprees,               he               hosting               elaborate               dinner               parties,               joined               in               extensive               hunting               trips               and               purchased               palaces               for               the               church.

For               the               people               of               Italy               he               spend               heavily               on               the               arts,               created               a               University               and               had               a               printing               press               installed               at               the               Vatican               [12]               .

However,               it               was               for               his               personal               behavior               that               Pope               Leo               X               would               soon               earn               him               the               nickname               as               the               Hedonistic               Pope.

[13]               His               personal               behavior               and               differences               with               his               cardinals               would               come               back               to               haunt               him               in               a               failed               assassination               attempt,               a               not               uncommon               method               of               dealing               with               disagreements               in               Italy,               even               for               men               of               the               cloth.

[14]               .

Within               his               first               year,               Pope               Leo               X               had               succeeded               in               depleting               the               coffers               of               the               Vatican,               and               was               in               the               process               of               pawning               off               the               Vatican               treasures               to               continue               funding               his               extravagant               lifestyle.

[15]
               Pope               Leo               X,               like               many               financially               challenged               business               men,               was               in               a               desperate               situation;               over               two               short               years               he               had               succeeded               in               undoing               hundreds               of               years               of               fiscal               restraint               and               was               alienating               the               clergymen               about               him               with               his               behavior.

Pope               Leo               X,               needed               a               solution               to               his               financial               problems;               in               fact               what               he               needed               a               miracle.

Unfortunately,               when               people               you               the               Hedonistic               Pope               you               can               bet               the               miracle               tap               is               turned               off.

So               Pope               Leo               X               settled               on               what               his               family               knew               best,               a               business               solution.

What               Pope               Leo               X               had               at               his               disposal               was               an               infinite               supply               of               church               forgiveness               because,               of               course,               he               was               the               Pope               and               he               had               that               printing               press.

What               the               rest               of               the               European               world               had               was               an               infinite               supply               of               sins,               misdeeds,               guilt               and               loose               change.

The               end               solution               that               Pope               Leo               X               would               settle               on               was               pure               business               genius;               he               would               print               and               sell               forgiveness               (known               as               indulgences)               to               the               masses               [16]               .
               Pope               Leo               X               put               the               Vatican               printers               to               work               and               the               clergy               on               the               go               throughout               Christendom               and               very               quickly               the               money               began               pouring               back               into               the               coffers.

However,               Pope               Leo               X               love               of               free               enterprise               did               not               transcend               to               everyone               on               his               Vatican               payroll               and               he               failed               to               take               into               account               an               Augustinian               friar               with               a               conscious               by               the               name               of               Martin               Luther.

Martin               Luther               should               be               remembered               as               the               first               whistleblower;               he               began               to               seriously               object               to               Pope               Leo               X               practice               of               selling               Indulgences               and               the               behavior               of               the               Catholic               Church               as               a               whole.

Luther's               thoughts               on               the               Catholic               Church               and               its               practices               including               the               sale               of               Indulgences               would               come               to               be               known               as               the               95               theses               [17]               .
               Pope               Leo               X               was               a               man               on               a               mission,               who               had               no               time               for               Martin               Luther;               his               efforts               to               silence               him               simply               empowered               Luther               and               his               followers               into               deserting               the               Catholic               Church.

Pope               Leo               X's               love               of               money               had               succeeded               not               in               empowering               the               Catholic               Church;               he               succeeded               in               breaking               the               Catholic               monopoly               on               Christendom               and               sparking               the               beginning               of               the               Protestant               reformation.

[18]               Upon               arranging               the               execution               of               Martin               Luther,               Pope               Leo               X               would               die               unexpectedly               at               the               age               of               45.

The               reported               cause               of               death               -               he               caught               a               cold.

[19]               Pope               Leo               X               would               also               introduce               the               world               to               a               term               coined               by               business               consultant               Peter               Senge,               known               as               the               "Law               of               Unintended               Consequences"               was               from               Senge's               fifth               book.

As               a               side               note,               the               selling               of               indulgences               never               really               ended               within               the               church,               it               simply               morphed               into               a               concept               that               we               now               know               as               the               church               bake               sale.

Cosimo               I(1519-1574)
               When               Cosimo               I               assumed               the               family               Patriarchal               duties               he               was               just               17               years               of               age.

The               Medici               dynasty               was               in               a               state               of               collapse,               their               customers               had               deserted               them,               and               the               remaining               members               of               the               family               were               in               fear               for               their               lives               (apparently,               Italians               have               a               thing               for               vendettas).

Cosimo               I               was               a               fourth               cousin               and               as               such               had               never               had               the               formal               education,               business               experience               or               exposure               to               cultural               society               as               his               other               family               members               had.

So               removed               from               the               family               affairs               was               he               that               Cosimo               I               did               not               even               live               in               the               family               compound;               he               lived               outside               of               the               city               in               a               small               farm               house.

The               challenges               facing               Cosimo               I               were               daunting;               he               realized               very               quickly               that               if               he               was               to               assume               the               business               helm               he               needed               help.

And,               like               any               astute               businessmen               who               realizes               that               he               is               in               over               his               heads,               Cosimo               I               hired               a               business               consultant.

[20]
               Giorgio               Vasari               (1511-1574)               was               an               artist               foremost               and               a               business               man               second.

When               he               approached               young               Cosimo               I               he               offered               a               simple               proposal;               Vasari               wanted               to               be               hired               to               repair               the               famous               Michelangelo               statue               of               David               which               had               been               damaged               during               an               uprising.

Vasari,               had               been               a               student               of               Michelangelo               and               it               troubled               him               to               see               the               famous               David               statue               broken               and               in               disrepair.

In               return,               Vasari               argued,               Cosimo               I               would               receive               the               credit               for               fixing               the               statue               and               the               statue's               repair               would               serve               as               a               symbol               of               the               Medici               families               return               to               business               viability.

Vasari               was               selling               advertising               and               public               relations               and               the               young               Cosimo               I               needed               all               he               could               get.

He               hired               Vasari               on               the               spot.

[21]
               The               team               of               Cosimo               I               and               Vasari               was               an               instant               business               success.

Vasari               constructed               the               fixes               to               Michelangelo's               David               (visible               to               this               day)               and               Cosimo               I               received               the               positive               public               publicity               that               he               desperately               needed.

The               Florentine               people               realized               Cosimo               I               was               a               Medici               and               the               Medici's               were               back               in               business;               the               masses               soon               returned               for               loans.

Vasari               had               created               just               the               right               positive               publicity               that               Cosimo               I               needed.

Cosimo               I               quickly               realized               the               power               of               advertising               and               creating               a               brand               name;               he               retained               Vasari               on               numerous               projects,               all               designed               to               generate               the               image               of               a               successful               in               control               business               man.

[22]
               Vasari               was               a               public               relations               expert               and               he               introduced               a               systematic               campaign               of               counseling               Cosimo               I               on               projects               ranging               from               public               displays               of               art               and               business               operations               to               community               relations,               all               in               an               effort               to               enhance               Cosimo               I               persona.

Cosimo               I               proved               to               be               an               eager               student               and               he               excelled               at               elevating               his               business               operations               to               a               higher               level.

Cosimo               I,               under               the               tutelage               of               Vasari,               recognized               the               need               for               educated               and               trained               employees               who               went               beyond               the               family               and               he               introduced               a               permanent               bureaucracy               to               facilitate               business               operations.

To               enhance               his               public               persona,               Vasari               encouraged               Cosimo               I               to               undertake               numerous               endeavors               to               include               creating               an               endowment               for               the               building               of               a               new               school               of               art               and               design               in               Florence.

Known               as               the               Academy               of               the               Arts               and               Drawing,               it               was               established               in               1563               and               continues               to               draw               students               to               this               day.

[23]
               As               a               child               Michelangelo               had               been               raised               with               the               Medici               children,               and               when               Michelangelo               passed               away               in               Rome               he               was               buried               in               a               small               tomb.

Vasari               and               Cosimo               I               decided               to               smuggle               the               body               out               of               Rome               and               bury               Michelangelo               in               a               tomb               worthy               of               him               in               his               hometown               of               Florence.

Cosimo               I               had               the               deceased               removed               from               Rome               and               transported               to               Florence               where               a               tomb               worthy               of               Michelangelo               was               designed               and               build               by               Vasari.

Vasari's               last               major               effort               for               Cosimo               I               was               the               undertaking               of               a               book               on               art               history.

This               was               the               first               ever               of               its               kind;               it               was               dedicated               to               and               funded               by               his               patron.

In               his               book               "Lives               of               the               Most               Excellent               Painters,               Sculptors               and               Architects",               Vasari               introduces               the               world               to               the               term               to               describe               his               era               as               the               "Rebirth"               or               the               "Renaissance",               the               term               that               is               still               used               to               describe               this               era.

[24]               Cosimo               I               would               die               of               kidney               failure               in               1574.

[25]Ferdinando               II               (1610-1670)
               Ferdinando               IIfollowed               in               his               father's               (Cosimo               II)               footsteps               and               continued               to               operate               the               families               banking               enterprise               upon               his               father's               early               death.

Ferdinando               II's               influence               with               the               Renaissance               dealt               not               with               religion               or               art               but               the               third               leg               of               the               Renaissance,               science.

Not               that               Ferdinando               II               was               a               scientist,               which               he               was               not,               he               had               been               the               eager               student               of               Galileo               and               now               having               assumed               the               role               as               head               of               the               family               he               found               himself               to               be               the               employer               of               his               former               teacher.

[26]
               Galileo               had               been               retained               as               the               personal               tutor               to               the               children               of               the               Medici,               by               Cosimo               II,               and               provided               residence               and               protection               of               the               family               and               the               title               of               "Head               Mathematician               of               the               Grand               Duke".

[27]               In               effect               what               Cosimio               II               and               Ferdinando               II               were               creating               was               a               foundation;               they               did               this               by               providing               for               Galileo's               needs               of               housing,               food               and               protection               and               they               allowed               Galileo               to               focus               on               his               research               activities.

During               his               time               with               the               Medici               Family               Galileo               would               make               many               of               his               famous               discoveries.

Discoveries               in               the               fields               of               astronomy               and               physics,               of               which               included               the               moons               of               Jupiter               which               he               made               known               to               the               world               in               his               text               on               astronomy               dedicated               to               his               patron,               the               Medicea               Sidera               [28]               .

As               Galileo's               fame               increased               and               word               of               his               discoveries               spread               throughout               Europe,               the               Medici's               were               recognized               as               Galileo's               benefactor               and               personal               protector.

It               was               brand               recognition               on               a               grand               scale.

[29]
               As               we               look               back               on               Galileo,               we               recognized               and               revered               him               as               the               scientific               genius               that               he               was,               yet               in               his               day,               the               Catholic               Church               viewed               him               as               heretic.

In               an               effort               to               silence               Galileo               the               Catholic               Church               turned               loose               its               most               formidable               weapon,               the               men               of               the               Inquisition.

Ferdinando               II,               was               forced               into               a               precarious               position;               as               the               benefactor               of               Galileo               the               Medici's               were               responsible               for               his               work.

In               fact,               Galileo's               books               and               discoveries               had               been               dedicated               to               the               family;               this               left               no               room               for               denying               their               involvement               with               the               great               mind.

Ferdinando               II               had               to               make               a               choice;               he               could               either               side               with               the               Catholic               Church               or               he               could               side               with               Galileo,               he               could               not               do               both.

Faced               with               alienating               the               Catholic               Church               Ferdinando               II               made               a               basic               business               decision,               he               would               terminate               the               family               sponsorship               of               Galileo.

This               was               done               in               an               effort               to               keep               a               positive               relationship               with               the               church.

After               all,               it               was               just               business.

[30]               Ferdinando               II               would               die               of               a               parasitic               lung               in               1670.

[31]               Conclusion
               We               cannot               think               of               the               Renaissance               era               without               being               in               awe               of               the               great               thinkers,               artists               and               scientist               that               were               challenging               preconceived               ideas.

However,               behind               every               great               thinker               was               an               even               greater               business               man.

No               painting               was               done,               no               marble               was               chiseled,               and               no               structure               was               ever               built               unless               someone               was               there               to               finance               the               project.

The               Medici's               actions               were               always               designed               for               one               purpose;               their               goal               was               to               put               their               name,               their               prestige               and               their               business               first.

They               would               do               it               in               the               same               manner               that               the               great               corporations               employ               today,               which               includes               advertising,               stadium               sponsorship               and               hiring               sports               stars.
               The               Medici's               would               advertise,               and               they               would               hire               the               scientific               and               artistic               giants               of               the               era               as               their               corporate               face.

Of               course,               as               in               business               today,               not               all               ideas               were               successful;               the               selling               of               Indulgences               was               a               flop,               but               Galileo's               discoveries               were               a               success.

In               the               end,               the               Medici's               business               empire               would               slowly               crumble               away.

However,               their               ideas               of               advertising,               creating               foundations,               and               sponsoring               scientific               research               would               continue               to               this               day.

So               when               we               think               of               the               Bill               and               Melissa               Gates               Foundation               sponsoring               science               research,               the               Annenberg               Foundation               sponsoring               the               arts,               or               the               Carnegie               Foundation               for               building               libraries,               at               their               roots               we               can               still               find               traces               of               the               Medici               influences               at               work.
               Bibliography
               Aslanian,               Sebouh.

"The               circulation               of               men               and               credit:               The               role               of               the               Commenda               and               the               family               firm               in               Julfan               Society.

Journal               of               the               Economic               and               Social               History               of               the               Orient,               (2007)               124-171.
               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999
               Bullard,               Melissa               Meriam.

"Marriage               Politics               and               the               Family               in               Florence:               The               Strozzi-Medici               Alliance               of               1508               (2001)               American               Historical               Review,               84               Issue               3,               668-687
               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003.
               Pirenne,               Henri.

Economic               and               Social               History               of               Medieval               Europe,               Harcourt,               Brace               and               World,               Inc.

New               York               1937
               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980
               Parks,               Tim.

Medici               Money,               W.W.

Norton               and               Company,               New               York               2005
               Lippi,               Donatella,               Marco               Matucci               Cerinic,               W.R.

Albury               and               George               M.

Weisz,.

"Longevity               and               Causes               of               Death               of               Adult               males               in               the               Medici               Di               Bicci               Family,               Journal               of               Family               History,               Vol               34               No.

3,               (2009)               243-250.
               Hazeltine,               Harold               D..

The               Gage               of               land               in               Medieval               England,               Harvard               Law               Review,               Jun1904,               Vol.

17               Issue               8,               p549-557,               9p;
               Unger,               Miles               J.

Magnifico               Simon               and               Schuster,               New               York.

2008
               Annotated               Biography
               Aslanian,               Sebouh.

"The               circulation               of               men               and               credit:               The               role               of               the               Commenda               and               the               family               firm               in               Julfan               Society.

Journal               of               the               Economic               and               Social               History               of               the               Orient,               (2007)               124-171.

This               paper               discusses               the               banking               practices               of               Muslims               within               the               European               and               Muslim               community.

Banking               was               the               grease               that               allowed               merchants               to               carry               out               their               business,               and               this               paper               discusses               the               banking               between               different               cultural               groups.
               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999.

A               text               on               the               Medici's,               perhaps               the               most               influential               banking               family               of               the               era.

To               understand               how               business               banking               worked               in               this               era,               it               is               important               to               understand               the               Medici.
               Bullard,               Melissa               Meriam.

"Marriage               Politics               and               the               Family               in               Florence:               The               Strozzi-Medici               Alliance               of               1508               (2001)               American               Historical               Review,               84               Issue               3,               668-687.

Business,               politics,               war               and               peace               often               centered               around               who               married               who.

To               understand               the               business               philosophy               of               this               era               it               is               important               how               these               alliances               were               build               and               fortified.
               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaissance.

With               Peter               Guinness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003.

A               very               informative               period               piece               by               PBS               exploring               the               lives               of               the               Medici               over               several               generations.
               Pirenne,               Henri.

Economic               and               Social               History               of               Medieval               Europe,               Harcourt,               Brace               and               World,               Inc.

New               York               1937.

A               text               examining               economic               history               of               Medieval               Europe               from               the               ownership               of               land,               to               the               movement               of               goods               and               services.

Important               to               understand               the               economics               to               further               support               a               paper               on               banking.
               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980.

A               detailed               account               of               the               families,               prominent               players               and               factors               that               would               effect               the               family.
               Parks,               Tim.

Medici               Money,               W.W.

Norton               and               Company,               New               York               2005.

A               informative               book               regarding               the               Medici               dynasty.

Not               as               detailed               as               it               could               have               been               considering               the               wealth               of               information               on               the               family.
               Lippi,               Donatella,               Marco               Matucci               Cerinic,               W.R.

Albury               and               George               M.

Weisz,.

"Longevity               and               Causes               of               Death               of               Adult               males               in               the               Medici               Di               Bicci               Family,               Journal               of               Family               History,               Vol               34               No.

3,               (2009)               243-250.

This               kind               of               stuff               makes               you               wonder               how               people               get               published,               however,               they               were               successful               at               it,               while               I               have               not.

Actually,               a               very               detailed               account               of               the               prominent               men               in               the               family               and               their               causes               of               death.
               Hazeltine,               Harold               D.

The               Gage               of               land               in               Medieval               England,               Harvard               Law               Review,               Jun1904,               Vol.

17               Issue               8,               p549-557,               9p.

A               paper               detailing               out               land               transaction               procedures               and               economic               transactions               in               Medieval               England.

Interesting               information               as               local               laws               dictated               different               customs               and               methods               of               conducting               business.
               Unger,               Miles               J.

Magnifico               Simon               and               Schuster,               New               York.

2008.

Another               rehashing               of               the               family,               this               one               addressing               Lorenzo               the               Magnificent,               specifically               and               his               immediate               family               and               business.
               Annotated               Outline
               Introduction.

The               Medici               family               became               one               of               the               wealthiest               families               in               Medieval               Europe               and               would               apply               business               procedures               like               those               of               the               modern               Fortune               500               companies.

1a.

The               Medici's               would               influence               the               Renaissance               era               and               create               monuments               to               their               success               that               are               visible               to               this               date.
               2b.

The               family               would               influence               the               Renaissance               in               more               ways               than               just               commissioning               the               paintings               and               buildings.

They               would               go               on               to               influence               religion               and               science               in               ways               that               no               one               could               foresee.
               Giovanni               Medici.

Giovanni's               love               of               money               and               the               good               life               would               eventually               influence               the               Protestant               reformation               and               would               affect               religion               to               this               day.

1a.

Giovanni               would               become               Pope               Leo               X.
               2b.

Giovanni               could               not               control               his               spending               habits.
               3c.

Giovanni               would               introduce               the               purchasing               of               Indulgences.
               4d.

Giovanni's               behavior               would               cross               paths               with               Martin               Luther.
               Cosimo               I.

Cosimo               I               would               rebuild               the               family,               which               was               facing               ruin               when               he               assumes               the               helm.

1a.

Cosimo               I,               inexperienced               in               business               hires               a               consultant.
               2b.

Cosimo               I               incorporates               business               tactics               that               are               considered               fundamental               to               success               in               today's               world.
               3c.

Cosimo               I               sets               the               standard               for               giving               back               to               the               community               and               establishes               a               model               of               behavior               for               future               titans               of               business.
               Ferdinando               II.

Ferdinando               II               following               in               the               families               footsteps               hires               the               finest               minds               to               assist               and               influence               the               family.

1a.

Ferdinando               II               employs               Galileo,               and               sets               him               up               in               a               foundation.
               2b.

Galileo               makes               numerous               discoveries               and               credits               his               benefactors               with               his               success.
               3c.

Galileo               attracts               the               attention               of               the               Catholic               Church.
               5.

Conclusion.

The               Medici               would               establish               a               standard               of               behavior               for               modern               business               that               would               be               emulated               to               this               day.

In               the               process,               they               would               shape               the               worlds               thoughts               in               science,               art               and               religion               in               ways               that               were               completely               unpredictable               at               the               time.

And               they               would               set               the               bar               for               future               business               leaders.
               [1]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               34.
               [2]               Aslanian,               Sebouh.

"The               circulation               of               men               and               credit:               The               role               of               the               Commenda               and               the               family               firm               in               Julfan               Society.

Journal               of               the               Economic               and               Social               History               of               the               Orient,               (2007),124.
               [3]               Pirenne,               Henri.

Economic               and               Social               History               of               Medieval               Europe,               Harcourt,               Brace               and               World,               Inc.

New               York               193,               14.
               [4]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003.
               [5]               Ibid
               [6]               Parks,               Tim.

Medici               Money,               W.W.

Norton               and               Company,               New               York               2005,               234.
               [7]               Bullard,               Melissa               Meriam.

"Marriage               Politics               and               the               Family               in               Florence:               The               Strozzi-Medici               Alliance               of               1508               (2001)               American               Historical               Review,               84               Issue               3,               670.
               [8]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               58.
               [9]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               57.
               [10]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               217.
               [11]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [12]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               58.
               [13]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [14]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [15]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               227.
               [16]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [17]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               60.
               [18]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [19]               Lippi,               Donatella,               Marco               Matucci               Cerinic,               W.R.

Albury               and               George               M.

Weisz,.

"Longevity               and               Causes               of               Death               of               Adult               males               in               the               Medici               Di               Bicci               Family,               Journal               of               Family               History,               Vol               34               No.

3,               (2009)               245.
               [20]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [21]               Ibid.
               [22]               Ibid.
               [23]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               274.
               [24]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.

PBS,               2003
               [25]               Lippi,               Donatella,               Marco               Matucci               Cerinic,               W.R.

Albury               and               George               M.

Weisz,.

"Longevity               and               Causes               of               Death               of               Adult               males               in               the               Medici               Di               Bicci               Family,               Journal               of               Family               History,               Vol               34               No.

3,               (2009)               248.
               [26]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               284.
               [27]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               114.
               [28]               Hibbert,               Christopher.

The               House               of               Medici:               It's               Rise               and               Fall,               Morrow               Quill               New               York               1980,               282.
               [29]               Empires:               The               Medici,               Godfathers               of               the               Renaisance.

With               Peter               Guiness,               Pip               Torens,               James               Innes               Smith,               ian               Bustard,               Niccolo               Cioni,               Ben               de               Sausmarez,               Frederico               Steffanell.
               [30]               Cesati,               Franco.

The               Medici,               Story               of               a               European               Dynasty               LaMandragora               Firenza,               Italy               1999,               119.
               [31]               Lippi,               Donatella,               Marco               Matucci               Cerinic,               W.R.

Albury               and               George               M.

Weisz,.

"Longevity               and               Causes               of               Death               of               Adult               males               in               the               Medici               Di               Bicci               Family,               Journal               of               Family               History,               Vol               34               No.

3,               (2009),               248.






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