About 'graphic design class'|Beginning Graphic Design class

About 'graphic design class'|Beginning Graphic Design class

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｈａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｃｌａｓｓｒｏｏｍ               ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｎ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｔｅａｃｈｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ. Ａｒｔ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ. Ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｙｏｕ               ｔｅａｃｈ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙ,               ｍｉｄｄｌｅ,               ｈｉｇｈ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｏｒ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ,               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ａｒｅ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               Ａｒｔ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐｓ. Ａｒｔ               ｇａｌｌｅｒｉｅｓ                Ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ,               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｔａｋｅ               Ａｒｔ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               Ａｒｔ               ｇａｌｌｅｒｙ. Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ,               ｗｅｌｌ-ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ,               ｍａｎｙ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ,               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｇａｌｌｅｒｉｅｓ               ｆｅａｔｕｒｉｎｇ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ.                Ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ                Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｄ               Ａｒｔ               ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ,               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｕｓｅｕｍｓ               -               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ,               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ,               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ               -               ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｔｅｘｔ               ｏｆ               Ａｒｔ.                Ａｒｔ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌｓ               ｏｒ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               Ａｒｔ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ                Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               ｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｙ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｗｏ-ｙｅａｒ               Ａｒｔ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｏｒ               ａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               Ａｒｔ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ａｔ               ａ               ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｐｕｒｓｕｉｎｇ               Ａｒｔ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｃａｒｅｅｒｓ. Ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｏｐｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃａｎ               ｓｅｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               Ａｒｔ               ｃｌａｓｓｅｓ               ｉｎ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｌｅａｒｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐｅｃｔ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               Ａｒｔ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ.                Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｒｔ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ                Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｏｏｓｔ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ａｒｔ               ｃａｒｅｅｒｓ               ｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               Ａｒｔ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃａｎ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｇｒａｐｈｉｃ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎ               ｆｉｒｍｓ,               ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒａｌ               ｆｉｒｍｓ,               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｂａｋｅｒｉｅｓ,               ｆｌｏｒｉｓｔｓ,               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ,               ＴＶ               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒ               ｇｒａｐｈｉｃ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ.                Ａｒｔｉｓｔ               ｓｔｕｄｉｏｓ                Ｂｙ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｉｎｇ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ａｒｔｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｇｕｉｌｄｓ               ｏｒ               ｇａｌｌｅｒｉｅｓ,               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ａｒｅａ. Ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ａｒｔｉｓｔ'ｓ               ｓｔｕｄｉｏ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ,               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｓｈｏｗ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ａ               ｆｉｎｅ               ａｒｔｉｓｔ               ａｔ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ.                Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ｓｉｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｌａｎｄｍａｒｋｓ                Ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｌａｎｄｍａｒｋｓ               ｏｒ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               ｓｉｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｙｏｕｒ               ａｒｅａ               -               ｓｔａｔｕｅ               ｐａｒｋｓ,               ｍｅｍｏｒｉａｌｓ,               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｃｅｍｅｔｅｒｉｅｓ,               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ               ｈｏｍｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｌ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ,               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｔｒｉｐｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               Ａｒｔ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ. Ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｏｃｃｕｒ,               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｍａｙ               ｂｒｉｎｇ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｃａｍｅｒａｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｋｅｔｃｈｂｏｏｋｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｏｎ-ｓｉｔｅ.                Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｐａｒｋｓ,               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｏｒｉｅｓ,               ｎｕｒｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｇａｒｄｅｎｓ                Ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｐａｒｋ,               ｇａｒｄｅｎ               ｏｒ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｏｒｙ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｐｌｅｎｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｏｎ-ｓｉｔｅ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ               ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ               -               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｌｅｉｎ-ａｉｒ,               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｓ,               ｔｏ               ｓｋｅｔｃｈｉｎｇ;               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｃａｎ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ-ｈａｎｄ.                Ｄｏｗｎｔｏｗｎ               ａｒｅａｓ                Ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｉｎｓｐｉｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｔｌｉｎｇ               ｌｉｇｈｔｓ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｏｗｎｔｏｗｎ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｌｉｆｅ               -               Ｍｏｎｄｒｉａｎ,               Ｔｏｕｌｏｕｓｅ-Ｌａｕｔｒｅｃ,               Ｂｅａｒｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ. Ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｙｏｕｒ               Ａｒｔ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃａｍｅｒａｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｋｅｔｃｈｂｏｏｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔａｋｅ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｄｏｗｎｔｏｗｎ               ａｒｅａ,               ｌｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｄｒａｗ               ｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ.                Ａｒｔ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｓｔｏｒｅｓ                Ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               Ａｒｔ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｓｔｏｒｅ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ               -               ｆｉｒｓｔ,               ｉｔ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌｓ               ｕｓｅ;               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ,               ｉｔ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ               -               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               'ｆｒｅｅ'               ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ａｔ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ.                Ｎｅｘｔ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｂｅｇｉｎ               ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｙｏｕｒ               Ａｒｔ               ｃｌａｓｓｅｓ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｆｉｅｌｄ               ｔｒｉｐ,               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｍｕｓｅｕｍ               ｔｒｉｐｓ.

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6. Special Class Computer Graphic Design

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Graphic Design Class - Blog Homepage Results

D.A.S.H. Center - Graphic Design Class with Mr. SIC ILLbySIC ILL

http://dash-graphic-design.blogspot.com/

Hello Intermediate Graphic Design ClassbyMatilda

http://matilda-igd.blogspot.com/

Kevin Tai's Graphic Design Blogbykevintai1

http://kevintai1.wordpress.com/

Work done in graphic design class.

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About 'graphic design class'|SJSU BFA Graphic Design 2012

About 'graphic design class'|SJSU BFA Graphic Design 2012

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5. Witness to War – Graphic Design Class Exhibition – 11.16.10

   spacelabproject.wordpress.com/   12/04/2010

   Witness to War – Graphic Design Class Exhibition – 11.16.10 December 4, 2010 …… …… Like this: Like Be the first to like this post. Posted by Prof. Brian Filed in Uncategorized Leave a Comment »

6. Special Class Computer Graphic Design

   kursuskomputerdibandung.wordpress.com/   08/19/2010

   HASIL KARYA KELAS COMPUTER GRAPHIC DESIGN START: 30 Agustus 2010 Special class Computer Graphic Design adalah kursus intensif dengan bermacam-macam modul software design yang dipelajari. Tujuan kursus ini...

7. Social Media, RA, Leadership, UW SLIS Classes, Graphic Design, and more!

   scls.typepad.com/ce/   08/15/2013

   ...WebJunction webinar. Scheduled for September 24 at noon Central Time. Register here ! Basic Graphic Design for Library Staff , an Infopeople Online course. Scheduled from October 1...

8. More Graphic Design Class Stuff

   kippurbird.livejournal.com/   10/15/2011

   ... coming out. We started doing things like that in class yesterday. I should have put in a darker background maybe so that you could see the...

9. A few of my graphic design projects

   americanhoneyhome.blogspot.com/   04/17/2013

   .... It is a graphic design class that I was so excited...he wants me to take a graphic design class every term! So not only do I get to...

10. SJSU BFA Graphic Design 2012

    rakuyou.wordpress.com/   02/16/2012

    Not posting my own stuff, but please visit & follow our BFA Graphic Design Class of 2012 WordPress . And if you have a tumblr, visit & follow our tumblr as well. Share this: Like this: Like Be the first to like this post.

Graphic Design Class - Blog Homepage Results

D.A.S.H. Center - Graphic Design Class with Mr. SIC ILLbySIC ILL

http://dash-graphic-design.blogspot.com/

Hello Intermediate Graphic Design ClassbyMatilda

http://matilda-igd.blogspot.com/

Kevin Tai's Graphic Design Blogbykevintai1

http://kevintai1.wordpress.com/

Work done in graphic design class.

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About 'florence academy of art'|Celebrities At The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences 4th Annual ‘Television Academy Honors’ Gala

About 'florence academy of art'|Celebrities At The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences 4th Annual ‘Television Academy Honors’ Gala

Ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ,               ｗｅ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｗ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｉｎ               ａｒｔ,               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｋｓ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ,               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｒｅ               ｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｉｓｐｕｔｅｄ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎｅｓ. 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Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ａｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｕｄｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ,               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｆｕｌｌｙ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｒａ               ｅｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｂｙ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               ｔｏｄａｙ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｗｉｌｌ               ａｒｇｕｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｐｒｏｐｅｌ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｅｒａ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ               ｒｅｂｉｒｔｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｉｔ               ａｓ               ｔｏｄａｙ. Ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ａ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｂｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｄａｙ               ｗｅａｌｔｈｙ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｅｍｕｌａｔｅ               ｔｏｄａｙ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ｉｓ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               Ｄｅ'               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               (1360-1429);               ａ               ｗｏｏｌ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔ               ｗｈｏ               ｅｘｐａｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ. [1]               Ｂａｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ               Ｉｔａｌｙ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ｉｎ               ｍｏｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｒｉｓｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｌｏａｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ,               ａｄｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｅｌｌｏｗ               ｒｉｓｋ               ｔａｋｅｒｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｗａｙ               ａｓ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｔ               ｄｏ               ｔｏｄａｙ. Ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｎｋｎｏｗｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ａｓ               ｆａｒ               ｂａｃｋ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               11ｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ. [2]               Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｅｍｅｒｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｈａｒｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｉｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. [3]               Ｔｏ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ａ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｉｎｇ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｔｉｓｔ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｆｉｌｉｐｐｏ               Ｂｒｕｎｅｌｌｅｓｃｈｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               Ｓｉｍｏｎｉ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｏｒａｔｅ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ               ｔｏ               ｈｏｎｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ'ｓ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ. [4]               Ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ'ｓ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ａｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｌｏｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ               ｆｏｒ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ. Ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｗｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ. Ｅａｃｈ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｔ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｈｅａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ. Ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｔｉｎｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ,               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｆｅｌｔ.Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               Ｄｅ'               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               (1475-1521)                Ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｉｎ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ. Ｙｏｕ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｍｉｎｄｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｍｅｎ,               ｙｏｕ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｙｏｕ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｏｒｓ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｎｉｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔｉｌｌｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｄ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ. Ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｈｏｗ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｈａｄ               ｂｕｉｌｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｗｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｔａｕｇｈｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ. [5]               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ'ｓ               ｓｏｎ,               Ｌｏｒｅｎｚｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｅｎｔ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ,               ａｎｙ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ. Ｌｏｒｅｎｚｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｅｎｔ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ'ｓ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙ,               ｂｕｔ               ｈｅ               ｏｐｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｈｏｒｔｃｕｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌ. Ｌｏｒｅｎｚｏ,               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｓｉｅｓｔ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｇａｉｎ               ａｃｃｅｓｓ,               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｙ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｕｓｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｏｎ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ａｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｔｉｃｋｅｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. [6]                Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｅｎｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ;               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｐｕｓｈｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｒｅｖｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｉｎ. Ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｇｏｉｎｇ               ａｉｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｎｋ               ｏｆ               Ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｓｓｕｍｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａｗａｙ               ｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｌｙ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｄｕａｌ               ｒｏｌｅｓ,               Ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌｌ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ. Ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｈｅａｄ               ｉｔ               ｆｅｌｌ               ｔｏ               ｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｎｉｅｃｅ,               Ｃｌａｉｒｃｅ               ｄｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｒｉｖａｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｍｅｎ'ｓ               ｓｏｎ. Ａｎｄ,               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｇａｇｅ               ｉｎ               ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇ               ａ               ｄｏｗｒｙ               ｏｆ               6,000               Ｆｌｏｒｉｎｓ. [7]                Ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ,               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙ               ｗｈｅｎ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｊｕｌｉｕｓ               ＩＩ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａｗａｙ               ｉｎ               Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ               1513               [8]               . Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｃｌａｖｅ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｓｅｔ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               Ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ａｔｔｅｎｄａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅａｌ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｋｉｌｌｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｉｎ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｐａｃｙ. Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａ               ｗｅｅｋ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｂｒｉｂｅｓ,               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗａｓ               ｖｏｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｓ               ｉｔｓ               ｃｈｏｓｅｎ               ｆｉｇｕｒｅ               ｈｅａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ａｄｏｐｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｍｅ               ｏｆ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ. [9]                Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｉｓｐｕｔｅｄ               ｌｅａｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ,               ａ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｈｉｓ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｄｏｗｎｔｒｏｄｄｅｎ,               ｈｉｓ               ｐｉｅｔｙ               ｏｒ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｂｙ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ               ａｌｏｎｅ. Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ａｐｐｌｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｋｉｌｌｓ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｔｉｏｎｓ. [10]               Ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｓｋｉｌｌｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｓｕｉｔｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｂａｎｋｅｒｓ,               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｖｅｎｔｕｒｅ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌｉｓｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｓｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｏｔｈ. Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ａｔ               ｄｅａｌ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ,               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｓｏ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ａｔ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ,               ｐｒｏｍｐｔｌｙ               ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｖｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ               Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｌｉｖｅ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｏｎｅ'ｓ               ｓｅｌｆ. Ｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｆｆｅｒｓ               ａｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｗｎ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｂａｎｋ,               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｈａｎｄｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ. [11]                Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｅｎｇａｇｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｌａｖｉｓｈ               ｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｓｐｒｅｅｓ,               ｈｅ               ｈｏｓｔｉｎｇ               ｅｌａｂｏｒａｔｅ               ｄｉｎｎｅｒ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ,               ｊｏｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅ               ｈｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｒｉｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｄ               ｐａｌａｃｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. Ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ｉｔａｌｙ               ｈｅ               ｓｐｅｎｄ               ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｓ,               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ａ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｄ               ａ               ｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｅｓｓ               ｉｎｓｔａｌｌｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ               [12]               . Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｏｏｎ               ｅａｒｎ               ｈｉｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｉｃｋｎａｍｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｅｄｏｎｉｓｔｉｃ               Ｐｏｐｅ. [13]               Ｈｉｓ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｓ               ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｏ               ｈａｕｎｔ               ｈｉｍ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ａｓｓａｓｓｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ,               ａ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｎｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｄｅａｌｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｄｉｓａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ｉｔａｌｙ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｏｔｈ. [14]               . Ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｙｅａｒ,               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｈａｄ               ｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｆｆｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｐａｗｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ               ｔｒｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｅｘｔｒａｖａｇａｎｔ               ｌｉｆｅｓｔｙｌｅ. [15]                Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ,               ｌｉｋｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍｅｎ,               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｄｅｓｐｅｒａｔｅ               ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ;               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｗｏ               ｓｈｏｒｔ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｕｎｄｏｉｎｇ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｓｃａｌ               ｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｉｅｎａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｅｒｇｙｍｅｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｈｉｍ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ. Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ,               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ａ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ;               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｗｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ａ               ｍｉｒａｃｌｅ. Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｗｈｅｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｅｄｏｎｉｓｔｉｃ               Ｐｏｐｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｒａｃｌｅ               ｔａｐ               ｉｓ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｏｆｆ. Ｓｏ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｗｈａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｋｎｅｗ               ｂｅｓｔ,               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ. Ｗｈａｔ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｈａｄ               ａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｉｓｐｏｓａｌ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｆｉｎｉｔｅ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｏｆ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｆｏｒｇｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ,               ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ,               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｏｐｅ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｐｒｅｓｓ. Ｗｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｈａｄ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｆｉｎｉｔｅ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｏｆ               ｓｉｎｓ,               ｍｉｓｄｅｅｄｓ,               ｇｕｉｌｔ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｏｓｅ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ. Ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｐｕｒｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｇｅｎｉｕｓ;               ｈｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｐｒｉｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｌｌ               ｆｏｒｇｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ               (ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ)               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｓｓｅｓ               [16]               .                Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｐｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ               ｐｒｉｎｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｒｋ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌｅｒｇｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｅｎｄｏｍ               ａｎｄ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｐｏｕｒｉｎｇ               ｂａｃｋ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｆｆｅｒｓ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｌｏｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｒａｎｓｃｅｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               Ｖａｔｉｃａｎ               ｐａｙｒｏｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｆａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ａｎ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔｉｎｉａｎ               ｆｒｉａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｍｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ. Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｗｈｉｓｔｌｅｂｌｏｗｅｒ;               ｈｅ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔ               ｔｏ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               Ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｓ               ａ               ｗｈｏｌｅ. Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ'ｓ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               95               ｔｈｅｓｅｓ               [17]               .                Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ;               ｈｉｓ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｉｌｅｎｃｅ               ｈｉｍ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｅｄ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｄｅｓｅｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ'ｓ               ｌｏｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｈａｄ               ｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ;               ｈｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｂｒｅａｋｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               ｍｏｎｏｐｏｌｙ               ｏｎ               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｅｎｄｏｍ               ａｎｄ               ｓｐａｒｋｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔａｎｔ               ｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ. [18]               Ｕｐｏｎ               ａｒｒａｎｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ,               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｉｅ               ｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｌｙ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ               ｏｆ               45. Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｃａｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｅａｔｈ               -               ｈｅ               ｃａｕｇｈｔ               ａ               ｃｏｌｄ. [19]               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｅｒｍ               ｃｏｉｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｎｔ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｓｅｎｇｅ,               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｌａｗ               ｏｆ               Ｕｎｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄ               Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ"               ｗａｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｓｅｎｇｅ'ｓ               ｆｉｆｔｈ               ｂｏｏｋ. Ａｓ               ａ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｎｏｔｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｒｅａｌｌｙ               ｅｎｄｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ,               ｉｔ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｍｏｒｐｈｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅ               ｎｏｗ               ｋｎｏｗ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｂａｋｅ               ｓａｌｅ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ(1519-1574)                Ｗｈｅｎ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ａｓｓｕｍｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｐａｔｒｉａｒｃｈａｌ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｊｕｓｔ               17               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ａｇｅ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｌｌａｐｓｅ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒｓ               ｈａｄ               ｄｅｓｅｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅｍ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｆｅａｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｉｖｅｓ               (ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔｌｙ,               Ｉｔａｌｉａｎｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｔｈｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｖｅｎｄｅｔｔａｓ). Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｆｏｕｒｔｈ               ｃｏｕｓｉｎ               ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｈａｄ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍａｌ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎ,               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｏｒ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               ａｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｈａｄ. Ｓｏ               ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｆｆａｉｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ｈｅ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｌｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄ;               ｈｅ               ｌｉｖｅｄ               ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｆａｒｍ               ｈｏｕｓｅ. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ               ｆａｃｉｎｇ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄａｕｎｔｉｎｇ;               ｈｅ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｆ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｕｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｈｅｌｍ               ｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｈｅｌｐ. Ａｎｄ,               ｌｉｋｅ               ａｎｙ               ａｓｔｕｔｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｉｓ               ｉｎ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｅａｄｓ,               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｈｉｒｅｄ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｎｔ. [20]                Ｇｉｏｒｇｉｏ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               (1511-1574)               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ａｒｔｉｓｔ               ｆｏｒｅｍｏｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｎ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ. Ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｄ               ｙｏｕｎｇ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｈｅ               ｏｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ａ               ｓｉｍｐｌｅ               ｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌ;               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｈｉｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐａｉｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ｓｔａｔｕｅ               ｏｆ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄａｍａｇｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｕｐｒｉｓｉｎｇ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ,               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               ｓｔａｔｕｅ               ｂｒｏｋｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｉｓｒｅｐａｉｒ. Ｉｎ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ,               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ａｒｇｕｅｄ,               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｉｘｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｕｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｕｅ'ｓ               ｒｅｐａｉｒ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｙｍｂｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｖｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｙｏｕｎｇ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｇｅｔ. Ｈｅ               ｈｉｒｅｄ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｐｏｔ. [21]                Ｔｈｅ               ｔｅａｍ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｘｅｓ               ｔｏ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ'ｓ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               (ｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ)               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｄｅｓｐｅｒａｔｅｌｙ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｔｉｎｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ａ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｂａｃｋ               ｉｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ;               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｓｓｅｓ               ｓｏｏｎ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｏａｎｓ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｈａｄ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｏｆ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ａ               ｂｒａｎｄ               ｎａｍｅ;               ｈｅ               ｒｅｔａｉｎｅｄ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｏｎ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ,               ａｌｌ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｍａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｎ. [22]                Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｅｘｐｅｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｎｓｅｌｉｎｇ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｏｎ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ               ｒａｎｇｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓ               ｏｆ               ａｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｌｌ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｈａｎｃｅ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｎ               ｅａｇｅｒ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｄ               ａｔ               ｅｌｅｖａｔｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｌｅｖｅｌ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ,               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｕｔｅｌａｇｅ               ｏｆ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ,               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｉｎｅｄ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｅｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｂｅｙｏｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈｅ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ａ               ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔ               ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｃｙ               ｔｏ               ｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｔｏ               ｅｎｈａｎｃｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａ,               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｅｎｄｅａｖｏｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｅｎｄｏｗｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｏｆ               ａｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ. Ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃａｄｅｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｔｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ,               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｉｎ               1563               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｄｒａｗ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ. [23]                Ａｓ               ａ               ｃｈｉｌｄ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａｗａｙ               ｉｎ               Ｒｏｍｅ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｂｕｒｉｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｔｏｍｂ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｍｕｇｇｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｄｙ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               Ｒｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｒｙ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｔｏｍｂ               ｗｏｒｔｈｙ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｍ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｏｍｅｔｏｗｎ               ｏｆ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｅａｓｅｄ               ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｒｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ａ               ｔｏｍｂ               ｗｏｒｔｈｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｃｈｅｌａｎｇｅｌｏ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｂｙ               Ｖａｓａｒｉ. Ｖａｓａｒｉ'ｓ               ｌａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｏｎ               ａｒｔ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｋｉｎｄ;               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｆｕｎｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｈｉｓ               ｐａｔｒｏｎ. Ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｏｏｋ               "Ｌｉｖｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｏｓｔ               Ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ               Ｐａｉｎｔｅｒｓ,               Ｓｃｕｌｐｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｓ",               Ｖａｓａｒｉ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｍ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｅｒａ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｒｅｂｉｒｔｈ"               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               "Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ",               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｍ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｒａ. [24]               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｉｅ               ｏｆ               ｋｉｄｎｅｙ               ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ               ｉｎ               1574. [25]Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               (1610-1670)                Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ'ｓ               (Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               ＩＩ)               ｆｏｏｔｓｔｅｐｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｔｈｅｒ'ｓ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｄｅａｔｈ. Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ'ｓ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｄｅａｌｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｏｒ               ａｒｔ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｌｅｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ,               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ. Ｎｏｔ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ,               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｇｅｒ               ｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｗ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ａｓｓｕｍｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ａｓ               ｈｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｈｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｒ               ｔｅａｃｈｅｒ. [26]                Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｒｅｔａｉｎｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｔｕｔｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               ｂｙ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               ＩＩ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｔｌｅ               ｏｆ               "Ｈｅａｄ               Ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｉａｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ｄｕｋｅ". [27]               Ｉｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｗｈａｔ               Ｃｏｓｉｍｉｏ               ＩＩ               ａｎｄ               Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ;               ｔｈｅｙ               ｄｉｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｙ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ'ｓ               ｎｅｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｕｓｉｎｇ,               ｆｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ. Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｍａｋｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ. Ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｅｌｄｓ               ｏｆ               ａｓｔｒｏｎｏｍｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ,               ｏｆ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｊｕｐｉｔｅｒ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｏｎ               ａｓｔｒｏｎｏｍｙ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｐａｔｒｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｅａ               Ｓｉｄｅｒａ               [28]               . Ａｓ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ'ｓ               ｆａｍｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｒｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ               ｓｐｒｅａｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｓ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ'ｓ               ｂｅｎｅｆａｃｔｏｒ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｏｒ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｂｒａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｇｒａｎｄ               ｓｃａｌｅ. [29]                Ａｓ               ｗｅ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｂａｃｋ               ｏｎ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ,               ｗｅ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｖｅｒｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ               ｇｅｎｉｕｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ,               ｙｅｔ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｖｉｅｗｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ａｓ               ｈｅｒｅｔｉｃ. Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｉｌｅｎｃｅ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｌｏｏｓｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｆｏｒｍｉｄａｂｌｅ               ｗｅａｐｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎ. Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ,               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｐｒｅｃａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ;               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆａｃｔｏｒ               ｏｆ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｗｏｒｋ. Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ'ｓ               ｂｏｏｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ;               ｔｈｉｓ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｎｏ               ｒｏｏｍ               ｆｏｒ               ｄｅｎｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｍｉｎｄ. Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｈａｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｃｈｏｉｃｅ;               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               ｏｒ               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ,               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｄｏ               ｂｏｔｈ. Ｆａｃｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｌｉｅｎａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ               Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｍａｄｅ               ａ               ｂａｓｉｃ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ,               ｈｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｄｏｎｅ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ａ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈｕｒｃｈ. Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａｌｌ,               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ. [30]               Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｉｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃ               ｌｕｎｇ               ｉｎ               1670. [31]               Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ                Ｗｅ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｅｒａ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａｗｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｔｈｉｎｋｅｒｓ,               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇ               ｐｒｅｃｏｎｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｉｄｅａｓ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｔｈｉｎｋｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｎ. Ｎｏ               ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｄｏｎｅ,               ｎｏ               ｍａｒｂｌｅ               ｗａｓ               ｃｈｉｓｅｌｅｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｏ               ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｂｕｉｌｔ               ｕｎｌｅｓｓ               ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ;               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｇｏａｌ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｎａｍｅ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｅｓｔｉｇｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｏ               ｉｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙ               ｔｏｄａｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ,               ｓｔａｄｉｕｍ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｓｈｉｐ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｒｉｎｇ               ｓｐｏｒｔｓ               ｓｔａｒｓ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈｉｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｉｃ               ｇｉａｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｒａ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ               ｆａｃｅ. Ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ,               ａｓ               ｉｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｏｄａｙ,               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ;               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｆｌｏｐ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ'ｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｍｐｉｒｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｌｏｗｌｙ               ｃｒｕｍｂｌｅ               ａｗａｙ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ｏｆ               ａｄｖｅｒｔｉｓｉｎｇ,               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｉｎｇ               ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ. Ｓｏ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｗｅ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｅｌｉｓｓａ               Ｇａｔｅｓ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｉｎｇ               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ               ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｎｎｅｎｂｅｒｇ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｓ,               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｒｎｅｇｉｅ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｌｉｂｒａｒｉｅｓ,               ａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｏｏｔｓ               ｗｅ               ｃａｎ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｔｒａｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｔ               ｗｏｒｋ.                Ｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ                Ａｓｌａｎｉａｎ,               Ｓｅｂｏｕｈ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ:               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｌｆａｎ               Ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ. Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｏｒｉｅｎｔ,               (2007)               124-171.                Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999                Ｂｕｌｌａｒｄ,               Ｍｅｌｉｓｓａ               Ｍｅｒｉａｍ. "Ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｒｏｚｚｉ-Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               1508               (2001)               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               84               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               3,               668-687                Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003.                Ｐｉｒｅｎｎｅ,               Ｈｅｎｒｉ. Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ,               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ,               Ｂｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ,               Ｉｎｃ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1937                Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980                Ｐａｒｋｓ,               Ｔｉｍ. Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｍｏｎｅｙ,               Ｗ.Ｗ. Ｎｏｒｔｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               2005                Ｌｉｐｐｉ,               Ｄｏｎａｔｅｌｌａ,               Ｍａｒｃｏ               Ｍａｔｕｃｃｉ               Ｃｅｒｉｎｉｃ,               Ｗ.Ｒ. Ａｌｂｕｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｍ. Ｗｅｉｓｚ,. "Ｌｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｕｌｔ               ｍａｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｄｉ               Ｂｉｃｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｖｏｌ               34               Ｎｏ. 3,               (2009)               243-250.                Ｈａｚｅｌｔｉｎｅ,               Ｈａｒｏｌｄ               Ｄ.. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｌａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ,               Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ               Ｌａｗ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               Ｊｕｎ1904,               Ｖｏｌ. 17               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               8,               ｐ549-557,               9ｐ;                Ｕｎｇｅｒ,               Ｍｉｌｅｓ               Ｊ. Ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｏ               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｃｈｕｓｔｅｒ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ. 2008                Ａｎｎｏｔａｔｅｄ               Ｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ                Ａｓｌａｎｉａｎ,               Ｓｅｂｏｕｈ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ:               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｌｆａｎ               Ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ. Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｏｒｉｅｎｔ,               (2007)               124-171. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ. Ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｅａｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｃａｒｒｙ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ.                Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999. Ａ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ,               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｒａ. Ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｈｏｗ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｒａ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ.                Ｂｕｌｌａｒｄ,               Ｍｅｌｉｓｓａ               Ｍｅｒｉａｍ. "Ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｒｏｚｚｉ-Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               1508               (2001)               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               84               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               3,               668-687. Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ,               ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅａｃｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｗｈｏ               ｍａｒｒｉｅｄ               ｗｈｏ. Ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｐｈｉｌｏｓｏｐｈｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｒａ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ.                Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003. Ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｖｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｐｉｅｃｅ               ｂｙ               ＰＢＳ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｖｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ.                Ｐｉｒｅｎｎｅ,               Ｈｅｎｒｉ. Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ,               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ,               Ｂｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ,               Ｉｎｃ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1937. Ａ               ｔｅｘｔ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｉｎｇ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｗｎｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               ｌａｎｄ,               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｏｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ. Ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ａ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ.                Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980. Ａ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ,               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｐｌａｙｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ.                Ｐａｒｋｓ,               Ｔｉｍ. Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｍｏｎｅｙ,               Ｗ.Ｗ. Ｎｏｒｔｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               2005. Ａ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｖｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ. Ｎｏｔ               ａｓ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ.                Ｌｉｐｐｉ,               Ｄｏｎａｔｅｌｌａ,               Ｍａｒｃｏ               Ｍａｔｕｃｃｉ               Ｃｅｒｉｎｉｃ,               Ｗ.Ｒ. Ａｌｂｕｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｍ. Ｗｅｉｓｚ,. "Ｌｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｕｌｔ               ｍａｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｄｉ               Ｂｉｃｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｖｏｌ               34               Ｎｏ. 3,               (2009)               243-250. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｕｆｆ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｗｏｎｄｅｒ               ｈｏｗ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｇｅｔ               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ａｔ               ｉｔ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               Ｉ               ｈａｖｅ               ｎｏｔ. Ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ,               ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｅａｔｈ.                Ｈａｚｅｌｔｉｎｅ,               Ｈａｒｏｌｄ               Ｄ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｌａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ,               Ｈａｒｖａｒｄ               Ｌａｗ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               Ｊｕｎ1904,               Ｖｏｌ. 17               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               8,               ｐ549-557,               9ｐ. Ａ               ｐａｐｅｒ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ｌａｎｄ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ. Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｌａｗｓ               ｄｉｃｔａｔｅｄ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ.                Ｕｎｇｅｒ,               Ｍｉｌｅｓ               Ｊ. Ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｏ               Ｓｉｍｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｃｈｕｓｔｅｒ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ. 2008. Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｈａｓｈｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｏｎｅ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｉｎｇ               Ｌｏｒｅｎｚｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｅｎｔ,               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ.                Ａｎｎｏｔａｔｅｄ               Ｏｕｔｌｉｎｅ                Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｅａｌｔｈｉｅｓｔ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｐｐｌｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅ               500               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ. 1ａ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ'ｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｅｒａ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅａｔｅ               ｍｏｎｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｖｉｓｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｔｅ.                2ｂ. Ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｉｎｔｉｎｇｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｇｏ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎｏ               ｏｎｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｆｏｒｅｓｅｅ.                Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ'ｓ               ｌｏｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｏｄ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔａｎｔ               ｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ. 1ａ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               Ｐｏｐｅ               Ｌｅｏ               Ｘ.                2ｂ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｈａｂｉｔｓ.                3ｃ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｎｃｅｓ.                4ｄ. Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｉ'ｓ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｃｒｏｓｓ               ｐａｔｈｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ.                Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｒｅｂｕｉｌｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｆａｃｉｎｇ               ｒｕｉｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ａｓｓｕｍｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｅｌｍ. 1ａ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ,               ｉｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｈｉｒｅｓ               ａ               ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｎｔ.                2ｂ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔａｃｔｉｃｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄ               ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｏｄａｙ'ｓ               ｗｏｒｌｄ.                3ｃ. Ｃｏｓｉｍｏ               Ｉ               ｓｅｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｇｉｖｉｎｇ               ｂａｃｋ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｓ               ａ               ｍｏｄｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｔｉｔａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ.                Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ. Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｆｏｏｔｓｔｅｐｓ               ｈｉｒｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎｅｓｔ               ｍｉｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ａｓｓｉｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ. 1ａ. Ｆｅｒｄｉｎａｎｄｏ               ＩＩ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｓ               Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｔｓ               ｈｉｍ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ.                2ｂ. Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｅｎｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ.                3ｃ. Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ               ａｔｔｒａｃｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃａｔｈｏｌｉｃ               Ｃｈｕｒｃｈ.                5. Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ａ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｅｍｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄａｙ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｈａｐｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄｓ               ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ,               ａｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｗａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ               ｕｎｐｒｅｄｉｃｔａｂｌｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ. Ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ.                [1]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               34.                [2]               Ａｓｌａｎｉａｎ,               Ｓｅｂｏｕｈ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ:               Ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｆｉｒｍ               ｉｎ               Ｊｕｌｆａｎ               Ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ. Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｏｒｉｅｎｔ,               (2007),124.                [3]               Ｐｉｒｅｎｎｅ,               Ｈｅｎｒｉ. Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ,               Ｈａｒｃｏｕｒｔ,               Ｂｒａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ,               Ｉｎｃ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               193,               14.                [4]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003.                [5]               Ｉｂｉｄ                [6]               Ｐａｒｋｓ,               Ｔｉｍ. Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｍｏｎｅｙ,               Ｗ.Ｗ. Ｎｏｒｔｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               2005,               234.                [7]               Ｂｕｌｌａｒｄ,               Ｍｅｌｉｓｓａ               Ｍｅｒｉａｍ. "Ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｉｎ               Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｒｏｚｚｉ-Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               1508               (2001)               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ               Ｒｅｖｉｅｗ,               84               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               3,               670.                [8]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               58.                [9]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               57.                [10]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               217.                [11]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [12]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               58.                [13]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [14]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [15]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               227.                [16]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [17]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               60.                [18]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [19]               Ｌｉｐｐｉ,               Ｄｏｎａｔｅｌｌａ,               Ｍａｒｃｏ               Ｍａｔｕｃｃｉ               Ｃｅｒｉｎｉｃ,               Ｗ.Ｒ. Ａｌｂｕｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｍ. Ｗｅｉｓｚ,. "Ｌｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｕｌｔ               ｍａｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｄｉ               Ｂｉｃｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｖｏｌ               34               Ｎｏ. 3,               (2009)               245.                [20]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [21]               Ｉｂｉｄ.                [22]               Ｉｂｉｄ.                [23]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               274.                [24]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ. ＰＢＳ,               2003                [25]               Ｌｉｐｐｉ,               Ｄｏｎａｔｅｌｌａ,               Ｍａｒｃｏ               Ｍａｔｕｃｃｉ               Ｃｅｒｉｎｉｃ,               Ｗ.Ｒ. Ａｌｂｕｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｍ. Ｗｅｉｓｚ,. "Ｌｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｕｌｔ               ｍａｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｄｉ               Ｂｉｃｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｖｏｌ               34               Ｎｏ. 3,               (2009)               248.                [26]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               284.                [27]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               114.                [28]               Ｈｉｂｂｅｒｔ,               Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ:               Ｉｔ'ｓ               Ｒｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｆａｌｌ,               Ｍｏｒｒｏｗ               Ｑｕｉｌｌ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               1980,               282.                [29]               Ｅｍｐｉｒｅｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｇｏｄｆａｔｈｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｎａｉｓａｎｃｅ. Ｗｉｔｈ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｇｕｉｎｅｓｓ,               Ｐｉｐ               Ｔｏｒｅｎｓ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｉｎｎｅｓ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ,               ｉａｎ               Ｂｕｓｔａｒｄ,               Ｎｉｃｃｏｌｏ               Ｃｉｏｎｉ,               Ｂｅｎ               ｄｅ               Ｓａｕｓｍａｒｅｚ,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｏ               Ｓｔｅｆｆａｎｅｌｌ.                [30]               Ｃｅｓａｔｉ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｏ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ,               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ               Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ               ＬａＭａｎｄｒａｇｏｒａ               Ｆｉｒｅｎｚａ,               Ｉｔａｌｙ               1999,               119.                [31]               Ｌｉｐｐｉ,               Ｄｏｎａｔｅｌｌａ,               Ｍａｒｃｏ               Ｍａｔｕｃｃｉ               Ｃｅｒｉｎｉｃ,               Ｗ.Ｒ. Ａｌｂｕｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｍ. Ｗｅｉｓｚ,. "Ｌｏｎｇｅｖｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｕｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｕｌｔ               ｍａｌｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｅｄｉｃｉ               Ｄｉ               Ｂｉｃｃｉ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｆａｍｉｌｙ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｖｏｌ               34               Ｎｏ. 3,               (2009),               248.

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